Porbeagle - Southwestern Atlantic|
Marine Resource Fact Sheet |
| | Porbeagle - Southwestern Atlantic |
| Data Ownership | This document owned by International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), provided and maintained by Standing Committee on Research and Statistics , is part of ICCAT SCRS Reports data collection. |
| Related observations | Locate in inventory | | Species: | FAO Names: en - Porbeagle, fr - Requin-taupe commun, es - Marrajo sardinero, ar - قصف ، لياء، بًنبًك, zh - 鼠鲨, ru - Акула сельдевая (=акула атлантическая) |
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| Geographic extent of Porbeagle - Southwestern Atlantic Map tips - Click on
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FAO Fishing Statistical Sub Areas |
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41.2 | Atlantic, Southwest / 41.2 |
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41.3 | Atlantic, Southwest / 41.3 |
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| Main Descriptors | Considered a single stock: Yes Spatial Scale: Sub-Regional Management unit: Yes Reference year: 2008
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Considered a single stock: A group of individuals in a species occupying a well defined spatial range independent of other stocks of the same species. It can be affected by random dispersal movements and directed migrations due to seasonal or reproductive activity. |
Spatial Scale: Spatial scale contains a standard term such as Global, Regional (e.g. for the whole Atlantic), sub-regional (e.g. for a part of the Atlantic), national, local (for sub-national levels). |
Considered a management unit: An aquatic resource or fishery is declared as [Fishery] Management Unit if it is effectively the focus for the application of selected management methods and measures, within the broader framework of a management system. According to the FAO Glossary for Responsible Fishing, "a Fishery Management Unit (FMU) is a fishery or a portion of a fishery identified in a Fishery Management Plan (FMP) relevant to the FMP's management objectives." FMU's may be organised around fisheries biological, geographic, economic, technical, social or ecological dimensions , and the makeup and attribute of a fishery management unit depends mainly on the FMP's management objectives. |
Jurisdictional distribution: Jurisdictional qualifier (e.g. "shared", "shared - highly migratory") of the aquatic resource related with its spatial distribution. |
Environmental group: Classification of the aquatic resource according to the environmental group (e.g. pelagic invertebrate, or demersal fish) to which the species belong. |
Reference Year: The Reference Year is the last year considered in the stock assessment and/or fishery status. |
| | | | Biological State and Trend History In response to the Supplemental Recommendation by ICCAT Concerning the Conservation of Sharks Caught in Association with Fisheries Managed by ICCAT [Rec. 06-10], an updated assessment of the stocks of blue shark (Prionace glauca) and shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) was conducted in 2008. Ecological risk assessments (ERA) were also conducted for nine additional priority species of pelagic elasmobranchs, for which available data are very limited (Isurus paucus, Alopias superciliosus, Alopias vulpinus, Carcharhinus longimanus, C. falciformis, Lamna nasus, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena, and Pteroplatytrygon violacea). The quantity and quality of the data available (e.g., historical catches and CPUE information) to conduct stock assessments have increased with respect to those available in the first (2004) shark assessments (Anon. 2005c) conducted by ICCAT. However, they are still quite uninformative and do not provide a consistent signal to inform the assessment. Unless these and other issues can be resolved, the assessments of stock status for all pelagic shark species will continue to be very uncertain and our ability to detect stock depletion to levels below the Convention Objective level will remain considerably low. A summary of the Committee’s findings based on the 2008 (Anon. 2009c) assessment results is presented below. Although pelagic sharks are captured in the Atlantic Ocean with a wide variety of fishing gears, the largest volume of most of the species of major concern to ICCAT are captured by pelagic longline fisheries. The Committee assessed in 2009 porbeagle sharks assuming the existence of four separate stocks: Northwest, Northeast (including the Mediterranean, for which only limited information is available), Southwest and Southeast. The assessment results for the southern porbeagle stocks also presented high levels of uncertainty due to data limitations. Increased research and data collection are required to enable the Committee to improve the advice it can offer. Habitat and Biology Climatic zone: Temperate. Horizontal distribution: Oceanic. Vertical distribution: Pelagic. A great variety of shark species are found within the ICCAT Convention area, from coastal to oceanic species. Biological strategies of these sharks are very diverse and are adapted to the needs within their respective ecosystems where they occupy a very high position in the trophic chain as active predators. Therefore, generalization as regards to the biology of these very diverse species results in inevitable inaccuracies, as would occur for teleosts. To date, ICCAT has prioritized the biological study and assessment of the major sharks of the epipelagic system as these species are more susceptible of being caught as by-catch by oceanic fleets targeting tuna and tuna-like species. Among these shark species there are some of special prevalence and with an extensive geographical distribution within the oceanic-epipelagic ecosystem, such as the blue shark and shortfin mako shark, and others with less or even limited prevalence, such as porbeagle, hammerhead sharks, thresher sharks, white sharks, etc. Porbeagle shows a distribution that is restricted to cold-temperate waters, preferably close to the continental shelf of both hemispheres where this species rarely overlaps with the fishing activity directed at tunas and tuna-like species. This species have an ovoviviparous reproductive strategy, which increases the probability of survival of their young, with litters of only a few individuals in the case of porbeagle. Their growth rates differ between sexes and among species. Females often reach first maturity at a large size. A characteristic of this species is usually its tendency to segregate temporally and spatially by size-sex, according to its respective processes of feeding, mating-reproduction, gestation and birth. Numerous aspects of the biology of this species are still poorly understood or completely unknown, particularly for some regions, which contributes to increased uncertainty in quantitative and qualitative assessments. Geographical Distribution Jurisdictional distribution: Highly migratory Porbeagle shows a distribution that is restricted to cold-temperate waters, preferably close to the continental shelf of both hemispheres. Water Area Overview Spatial Scale: Sub-Regional Geo References  | Geographic extent of Porbeagle - Southwestern Atlantic
FAO Fishing Statistical Sub Areas | 41.2: Atlantic, Southwest / 41.2 | 41.3: Atlantic, Southwest / 41.3 |
| | | | Intersecting Major FAO areas and LME areas |
The following area codes have been found as intersecting the distribution of Porbeagle - Southwestern Atlantic Resource Structure Considered a single stock: Yes The Committee assessed in 2009 porbeagle sharks assuming the existence of four separate stocks: Northwest, Northeast (including the Mediterranean, for which only limited information is available), Southwest and Southeast. The assessment results for the southern porbeagle stocks also presented high levels of uncertainty due to data limitations. Exploitation Fishery Indicators Earlier reviews of the shark database resulted in recommendations to improve data reporting on shark catches. Though global statistics on shark catches included in the database have improved, they are still insufficient to permit the Committee to provide quantitative advice on stock status with sufficient precision to guide fishery management toward optimal harvest levels. Reported catches for porbeagle are provided in Table1. Given that catch reports to ICCAT are incomplete, the Committee attempted to develop a more accurate estimate of shark mortality and capture related to the Atlantic tuna fleets on the basis of the expected proportions among tunas and sharks and in the landings of these fleets (Figure 1) as well as using shark fin trade data. These information sets were used to reconstruct plausible estimates of historic catches used in blue shark and shortfin mako assessments in 2008.During the porbeagle assessment in 2009 (SCRS/2009/014), standardized CPUE data were presented for three of the four stocks (NE, NW and SW; Figure 2). These series when referring to fisheries targeting porbeagle could fail to reflect the global abundance of the stock and where they refer to sharks caught as by-catch they could be highly variable. With regard to the species for which ERAs were conducted, the Committee understands that, in spite of existing uncertainties, results make it possible to identify those species that are more susceptible and vulnerable (based only on productivity) to prioritize research and management measures (Table 2). These ERAs are conditional on the biological variables used to estimate productivity as well as the susceptibility values for the different fleets and thus may change in the future as new information becomes available. Species | Productivity (r) | Productivity rank | BTH (Alopias superciliosus) | 0.010 | 1 | SMA (Isurus oxyrinchus) | 0.014 | 2 | LMA (Isurus paucus) | 0.014 | 3 | POR (Lamna nasus) | 0.053 | 4 | FAL (Carcharhinus falciformis) | 0.076 | 6 | OCS (Carcharhinus longimanus) | 0.087 | 7 | SPL (Sphyrna lewini) | 0.090 | 8 | SPZ (Sphyrna zygaena) | 0.124 | 9 | ALV (Alopias vulpinus) | 0.141 | 10 | PST (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) | 0.169 | 11 | BSH (Prionace glauca) | 0.301 | 12 | CRO (Pseudocarcharias kamoharai) | - | - |  | Figure 1. Left plate: Estimated potential catch of porbeagle by non-reporting longline fleets using catch ratios for the southwest stock. Very limited observations across the time-series result in a high but unquantified uncertainty in the estimates. Right plate: Comparison of estimates for non-reporting longline fleets with reported catch levels held in the Task I data set for the southwest stock area.  |
 | Figure 2. CPUE series for the porbeagle southwest stock .  |
Assessment Overall Assessment Results Ecological risk assessments for eleven priority species of sharks (including blue shark and shortfin mako) caught in ICCAT fisheries demonstrated that most Atlantic pelagic sharks have exceptionally limited biological productivity and, as such, can be overfished even at very low levels of fishing mortality. Specifically, the analyses indicated that bigeye threshers, longfin makos, and shortfin makos have the highest vulnerability (and lowest biological productivity) of the shark species examined (with bigeye thresher being substantially less productive than the other species). All species considered in the ERA, particularly smooth hammerhead, longfin mako, bigeye thresher and crocodile sharks, are in need of improved biological data to evaluate their biological productivity more accurately and thus specific research projects should be supported to that end. Table 2 provides a productivity ranking of the species considered. ERAs should be updated with improved information on the productivity and susceptibility of these species. In 2009, the Committee attempted an assessment of the four porbeagle stocks in the Atlantic Ocean: Northwest, Northeast (including the Mediterranean), Southwest and Southeast. In general, data for southern hemisphere porbeagle are too limited to provide a robust indication on the status of the stocks. Catch reconstruction indicates that reported landings grossly underestimate actual landings. Available catch rate patterns suggest stability since the early 1990s, but this trend cannot be viewed in a longer term context and thus are not informative on current levels relative to BMSY. For the Southwest, limited data indicate a decline in CPUE in the Uruguayan fleet, with models suggesting a potential decline in porbeagle abundance to levels below MSY and fishing mortality rates above those producing MSY (Figure 3). But catch and other data are generally too limited to allow definition of sustainable harvest levels. Catch reconstruction indicates that reported landings grossly underestimate actual landings.  | Figure 3. Phase plot for the southwest Atlantic porbeagle, showing status in 2009 from both the BSP model runs (diamonds) and the catch free age structured production model (square) results. Error bars are plus and minus one standard deviation.  |
Management Management unit: Yes Precautionary management measures should be considered for stocks where there is the greatest biological vulnerability and conservation concern, and for which there are very few data. Management measures should ideally be species-specific whenever possible. For species of high concern (in terms of overfishing), which are expected to have high survivorship in fishing gears after release, particularly the bigeye thresher, the Committee recommends that the Commission prohibit retention and landings of the species to avoid fishing mortality. For other species which can be easily misidentified, such prohibitions could complicate compliance monitoring and therefore, other measures might be more appropriate. For example, minimum landing lengths or maximum landing lengths would afford protection to juveniles or the breeding stock, respectively, although other technical measures such as gear modifications, time-area restrictions, or other approaches, could be alternative means to protecting different life stages, provided they are tested for effectiveness through research projects before they are implemented. Both porbeagle stocks in the northwest and northeast Atlantic are estimated to be overfished, with the northeastern stock being more depleted. The main source of fishing mortality on these stocks is from non-ICCAT, directed porbeagle fisheries that are being managed by most of the relevant Contracting Parties through quotas and other measures. The Committee recommends that countries initiate research projects to investigate means to minimize by-catch and discard mortality of sharks, with a particular view to recommending to the Commission complementary measures to minimize porbeagle by-catch in fisheries for tuna and tuna-like species. For porbeagle sharks, the Committee recommends that the Commission work with countries catching porbeagle, particularly those with targeted fisheries, and relevant RFMOs to ensure recovery of North Atlantic porbeagle stocks and prevent overexploitation of South Atlantic stocks. In particular, porbeagle fishing mortality should be kept to levels in line with scientific advice and with catches not exceeding current level. New targeted porbeagle fisheries should be prevented, porbeagles retrieved alive should be released alive, and all catches should be reported. Management measures and data collection should be harmonized among all relevant RFMOs, and ICCAT should facilitate appropriate communication. SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC PORBEAGLE SUMMARY | | | | Current Yield (2008) | | 164.6 t2 | | | | Relative Biomass: B2008/BMSY | | 0.36-0.782
| | | | Relative Fishing Mortality: FMSY F2008/FMSY | | 0.025-0.0333 0.31-10.784
| | | | Management measures in effect | | None | 1 Estimated catch allocated to theSoutheast stock area. 2 Range obtained from BSP (low and high) and CFASP models. Value from CFASP model (SSB/SSBMSY) was 0.48 (0.20). 3 Range obtained from BSP (low) and CFASP (high) models. 4 Range obtained from BSP (low and high) and CFASP models. Value from CFASP model was 1.72 (0.51). Source of information “Report of the 2009 Meeting of the Standing Committee on Research and Statistics.” International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT). 2010 ICCAT Report for biennial period, 2008-09 PART II (2009) - Vol. 2 ICCAT http://www.iccat.int/Documents/BienRep/REP_EN_08-09_II_2.pdf |
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