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| Marine Resource Fact Sheet |
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| | Data Ownership | | This document provided, maintained and owned by Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) , is part of IOTC Stock Status Reports data collection. |
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| Related observations | Locate in inventory | | | | Species: | | FAO Names: en - Kawakawa, fr - Thonine orientale, es - Bacoreta oriental |
Fishery IndicatorsProduction: Catch |
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| Geographic extent of Kawakawa - Indian Ocean Map tips - Click on
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| FAO Major Fishing Areas |
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| 51 | Indian Ocean, Western |
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| 57 | Indian Ocean, Eastern |
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| Main Descriptors | Considered a single stock: Yes Management unit: Yes
Reference year: 2019 |
| Considered a single stock: A group of individuals in a species occupying a well defined spatial range independent of other stocks of the same species. It can be affected by random dispersal movements and directed migrations due to seasonal or reproductive activity. |
| Spatial Scale: Spatial scale contains a standard term such as Global, Regional (e.g. for the whole Atlantic), sub-regional (e.g. for a part of the Atlantic), national, local (for sub-national levels). |
| Considered a management unit: An aquatic resource or fishery is declared as [Fishery] Management Unit if it is effectively the focus for the application of selected management methods and measures, within the broader framework of a management system. According to the FAO Glossary for Responsible Fishing, "a Fishery Management Unit (FMU) is a fishery or a portion of a fishery identified in a Fishery Management Plan (FMP) relevant to the FMP's management objectives." FMU's may be organised around fisheries biological, geographic, economic, technical, social or ecological dimensions , and the makeup and attribute of a fishery management unit depends mainly on the FMP's management objectives. |
| Jurisdictional distribution: Jurisdictional qualifier (e.g. "shared", "shared - highly migratory") of the aquatic resource related with its spatial distribution. |
| Environmental group: Classification of the aquatic resource according to the environmental group (e.g. pelagic invertebrate, or demersal fish) to which the species belong. |
| Reference Year: The Reference Year is the last year considered in the stock assessment and/or fishery status. |
| | | | | | Biological State and Trend Habitat and Biology Climatic zone: Temperate; Tropical. Horizontal distribution: Oceanic. Vertical distribution: Pelagic. Geographical Distribution Jurisdictional distribution: Highly migratory Geo References  | | Geographic extent of Kawakawa - Indian Ocean
| FAO Major Fishing Areas | 51: Indian Ocean, Western | | 57: Indian Ocean, Eastern |
| | | | | | Intersecting Major FAO areas and LME areas |
The following area codes have been found as intersecting the distribution of Kawakawa - Indian Ocean | FAO Major Fishing Areas | 51: Indian Ocean, Western | | 57: Indian Ocean, Eastern | | Large Marine Ecosystem Areas (LME) | 30: Agulhas Current | | 31: Somali Coastal Current | | 32: Arabian Sea | | 33: Red Sea | | 34: Bay of Bengal | | 38: Indonesian Sea | | 39: North Australian Shelf | | 42: Southeast Australian Shelf | | 43: Southwest Australian Shelf | | 44: West-Central Australian Shelf | | 45: Northwest Australian Shelf |
Resource Structure Considered a single stock: Yes No information is available on stock structure of kawakawa in Indian Ocean. The IOTC coordinated Stock Structure Project, which commenced in early-2015, aims to supplement gaps in the existing knowledge on biological data, and in particular provide an insight on whether neritic tuna and tuna like species should be considered as a single Indian Ocean stock. Exploitation Fishery Indicators | Type | Measure | Value | Unit | Time period |
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| Production | Catch | 4681 | tonnes | Average 1950 - 1959 | | Catch | 8849 | tonnes | Average 1960 - 1969 | | Catch | 20306 | tonnes | Average 1970 - 1979 | | Catch | 42615 | tonnes | Average 1980 - 1989 | | Catch | 70245 | tonnes | Average 1990 - 1999 | | Catch | 103466 | tonnes | Average 2000 - 2009 | | Catch | 149022 | tonnes | Average 2010 - 2019 | | Catch | 145713 | tonnes | 2011 | | Catch | 151465 | tonnes | 2012 | | Catch | 159285 | tonnes | 2013 | | Catch | 150271 | tonnes | 2014 | | Catch | 148272 | tonnes | 2015 | | Catch | 151479 | tonnes | 2016 | | Catch | 150522 | tonnes | 2017 | | Catch | 162163 | tonnes | 2018 | | Catch | 148375 | tonnes | 2019 | | Catch | 143211 | tonnes | 2020 |
Assessment No new stock assessment was conducted for kawakawa in 2021 and so the results are based on the assessment carried out in 2020 using data-limited assessment techniques. The OCOM model indicated that the fishing mortality F was very close to FMSY (F/FMSY=0.98) and the B above BMSY (B/BMSY=1.13). The estimated probability of the stock currently being in green quadrant of the Kobe plot is about 50%. Due to the quality of the data being used, the simple modelling approach employed in 2020, and the large increase in kawakawa catches over the last decade (Fig. 1), measures need to be taken in order to reduce the level of catches which have surpassed the estimated MSY levels for all years since 2011. Based on the weight-of-evidence available, the kawakawa stock for the Indian Ocean is classified as not overfished and not subject to overfishing (Table 1, Fig. 2). Assessment Model Type: Biomass-aggregated Optimised Catch Only Method (OCOM) Assessment Model Type: Age-structured Stock Synthesis III (SS3) Scientific Advice The assessment models rely on catch data, which are considered to be highly uncertain. The catch in 2019 was equal to the estimated MSY. The available gillnet CPUE of kawakawa showed a somewhat increasing trend although the reliability of the index as abundance indices remains unknown. Despite the substantial uncertainties, the stock is probably very close to being fished at MSY levels and that higher catches may not be sustained in the longer term. A precautionary approach to management is recommended. Management Management unit: Yes Source of information IOTC–SC23 2020. Report of the 23rd Session of the IOTC Scientific Committee. Seychelles, 7 – 11 December 2020. IOTC–2020–SC23–R[E]: 211pp.  https://www.iotc.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021/06/IOTC-2020-SC23-RE_Rev1.pdfBibliography All references to figures, tables and bibliography in the text are found within the source of information. |
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