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| Marine Resource Fact Sheet |
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| Cod - Baltic Sea (eastern part), 2012 |
 | Cod in Subdivisions 25-32 |
| | Data Ownership | | This document provided, maintained and owned by International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) , is part of ICES Advice data collection. |
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| Related observations | Locate in inventory | | | | Species: | | FAO Names : en - Atlantic cod, fr - Morue de l'Atlantique, es - Bacalao del Atlántico, ru - Треска атлантическая |
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| Geographic extent of Cod - Baltic Sea (eastern part)
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| FAO Fishing Statistical Subdivision Areas |
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| 27.3.d.25 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.25 |
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| 27.3.d.26 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.26 |
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| 27.3.d.27 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.27 |
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| 27.3.d.28 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.28 |
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| 27.3.d.29 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.29 |
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| 27.3.d.30 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.30 |
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| 27.3.d.31 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.31 |
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| 27.3.d.32 | Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.32 |
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| Main Descriptors | Considered a single stock: Yes
Spatial Scale: Sub-Regional
Management unit: Yes |
| Considered a single stock: A group of individuals in a species occupying a well defined spatial range independent of other stocks of the same species. It can be affected by random dispersal movements and directed migrations due to seasonal or reproductive activity. |
| Spatial Scale: Spatial scale contains a standard term such as Global, Regional (e.g. for the whole Atlantic), sub-regional (e.g. for a part of the Atlantic), national, local (for sub-national levels). |
| Considered a management unit: An aquatic resource or fishery is
declared as [Fishery] Management Unit if it is
effectively the focus for the application of selected
management methods and measures, within the broader
framework of a management system. According to the FAO
Glossary for Responsible Fishing, "a Fishery Management
Unit (FMU) is a fishery or a portion of a fishery
identified in a Fishery Management Plan (FMP) relevant
to the FMP's management objectives." FMU's may be
organised around fisheries biological, geographic,
economic, technical, social or ecological dimensions ,
and the makeup and attribute of a fishery management
unit depends mainly on the FMP's management
objectives. |
| Jurisdictional distribution: Jurisdictional qualifier (e.g.
"shared", "shared - highly migratory") of the aquatic
resource related with its spatial distribution. |
| Environmental group: Classification of the aquatic
resource according to the environmental group (e.g.
pelagic invertebrate, or demersal fish) to which the
species belong. |
| | | | | | Habitat and Biology Depth zone: Shelf (50 m - 200 m). Vertical distribution: Demersal/Benthic. Cod is the main predator on sprat and herring, and given the recent increase of the eastern Baltic cod stock the natural mortality of the pelagic stocks is likely to be affected. However, as the adult sprat and herring predate on cod eggs and larvae, an increased predation on clupeids can also have a positive effect on cod recruitment. At present, there is limited geographical overlap between cod and the pelagic stocks during parts of the year. Consistent with declining availability of sprat and herring and an increasing cod stock in the current main distribution area of cod (Subdivision 25), the mean weight of larger cod has sharply declined in this area in recent years. Environmental influence on the stockRecruitment is strongly driven by hydrological factors. At present, successful reproduction of the eastern Baltic cod occurs only in the Bornholm Basin (Subdivision 25). The distribution of cod is currently mainly confined to Subdivision 25 and to a lesser degree Subdivision 26, with very low abundance in northern areas (Subdivisions 27 –32). Geographical Distribution Jurisdictional distribution: Shared between nations Water Area Overview Spatial Scale: Sub-Regional
Ecoregion: Baltic Sea
Geo References  | | Geographic extent of Cod - Baltic Sea (eastern part)
| FAO Fishing Statistical Subdivision Areas | 27.3.d.25: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.25 | | 27.3.d.26: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.26 | | 27.3.d.27: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.27 | | 27.3.d.28: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.28 | | 27.3.d.29: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.29 | | 27.3.d.30: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.30 | | 27.3.d.31: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.31 | | 27.3.d.32: Atlantic, Northeast / 27.3.d.32 |
| | | | | | Intersecting Major FAO areas and LME areas |
The following area codes have been found as intersecting the distribution of Cod - Baltic Sea (eastern part) Resource Structure Considered a single stock: Yes Exploitation The fisheriesThe fisheries for cod in the eastern Baltic have very little bycatch of other species.
| Catch distribution |
Total catch (2011) is 54.2 kt, where 93% are landings (20% by gillnetters, 80% by trawlers) and 7% discards. |
Effects of the fisheries on the ecosystemBecause sprat and herring are the major prey for cod, the cod fishery can indirectly affect the sprat and herring stocks by changing predation mortality on these species. Furthermore, the fishery for sprat and herring in the distribution area of cod can influence the available food base for cod. Assessment Scientific Advice ICES advises on the basis of the EU management plan (EC 1098/2007) that landings in 2013 should be 65 900 tonnes. Overall Assessment Results  | Figure 8.4.2.1 Cod in Subdivisions 25–32. Summary of stock assessment (weights in ‘000 tonnes). Predicted values are shaded. Top right: SSB and F for the time-series used in the assessment.  |
Assessment Model Quality considerationThe SBB has been consistently overestimated in the last three years. The longest survey series has a break in 2001 when the survey design was altered. The commercial fleet, on which the cpue index has been based, was subjected to a new quota regulation system prohibiting high-grading and aimed at improving selectivity of gears. Substantial underreporting of catches occurred in 1993–1996 and 2000–2007. In this situation, ICES has chosen to include estimates of non-reported landings in the assessment. These estimates are likely to be lower than the actual non-reported landings. Ageing problems are a concern for the quality of the assessment. Collection of cod stomach contents data would improve the basis for application of multispecies stock assessment models. Data are needed to quantify the amount of mixing of cod by age groups between the eastern and western Baltic. Tagging experiments or/and genetic analysis could provide such data.  | | Figure 8.4.2.2 Cod in Subdivisions 25–32. Historical assessment results (final-year recruitment estimates included). |
Scientific basis
| Assessment type |
Age-based analytical (XSA). |
| Input data |
Two surveys (BITS Q1&4), five indices (two BITS Q1 of ages 3–6 backshifted, two BITS Q1_of age 2, and one commercial index (Den_Trawl_>90 mm)). |
| Discards and bycatch |
Discards included in the assessment. |
| Indicators |
None. |
| Other information |
Last benchmarked in 2009. The next benchmarking for this stock is scheduled for 2013. |
| Working group report |
WGBFAS |
Management Management unit: Yes Management plansA multi-annual plan for cod in the Baltic Sea has been agreed by the EU in 2007 ((EC) No. 1098/2007). ICES has evaluated the management plan in 2009 and considers it to be in accordance with the precautionary approach. The target F in the management plan is equal to the recent estimate of F MSY for this stock. The management plan is currently under revision. Biological State and Trend Exploitation rate: Below target
Abundance level: Undefined  | | Figure 8.4.2.1 |
ICES considers the present SSB to be above any candidate precautionary biomass reference points. The SSB has increased in recent years and is estimated to be 263 000 tonnes at the start of 2012. Fishing mortality in 2008–2011 was estimated to be the lowest in the series. The abundance of the 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 year classes (at age 2) is above the average of the last 20 years. Source of information The above excerpts are from the first two pages of the ICES advice, the supporting information to this advice can be read in full at the following reference: ICES. Cod in Subdivisions 25–32. Report of the ICES Advisory Committee, 2012. ICES Advice, May 2012.  http://www.ices.dk/committe/acom/comwork/report/2012/2012/cod-2532.pdf |
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