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| Marine Resource Fact Sheet |
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| Squid - Scotian Shelf, Grand Bank |
 | Squid Illex in Subareas 3 and 4 |
| | Data Ownership | | This document provided, maintained and owned by Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) , is part of NAFO Summary Sheets data collection. |
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| Related observations | Locate in inventory | | | | Species: | | FAO Names: en - Northern shortfin squid, fr - Encornet rouge nordique, es - Pota norteña, ru - Иллекс американский |
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| Geographic extent of Squid - Scotian Shelf, Grand Bank
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| FAO Fishing Statistical Sub Areas |
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| 21.3 | Atlantic, Northwest / 21.3 |
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| 21.4 | Atlantic, Northwest / 21.4 |
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| Main Descriptors | Considered a single stock: No
Spatial Scale: Regional
Management unit: Yes
Reference year: 2012
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| Considered a single stock: A group of individuals in a species occupying a well defined spatial range independent of other stocks of the same species. It can be affected by random dispersal movements and directed migrations due to seasonal or reproductive activity. |
| Spatial Scale: Spatial scale contains a standard term such as Global, Regional (e.g. for the whole Atlantic), sub-regional (e.g. for a part of the Atlantic), national, local (for sub-national levels). |
| Considered a management unit: An aquatic resource or fishery is
declared as [Fishery] Management Unit if it is
effectively the focus for the application of selected
management methods and measures, within the broader
framework of a management system. According to the FAO
Glossary for Responsible Fishing, "a Fishery Management
Unit (FMU) is a fishery or a portion of a fishery
identified in a Fishery Management Plan (FMP) relevant
to the FMP's management objectives." FMU's may be
organised around fisheries biological, geographic,
economic, technical, social or ecological dimensions ,
and the makeup and attribute of a fishery management
unit depends mainly on the FMP's management
objectives. |
| Jurisdictional distribution: Jurisdictional qualifier (e.g.
"shared", "shared - highly migratory") of the aquatic
resource related with its spatial distribution. |
| Environmental group: Classification of the aquatic
resource according to the environmental group (e.g.
pelagic invertebrate, or demersal fish) to which the
species belong. |
| Reference Year: The Reference Year is the last year considered in the stock assessment and/or fishery status. |
| | | | | | Biological State and Trend During 2012, the northern stock component remained in a state of low productivity and fishing mortality indices were at the lowest levels in the time series. Habitat and Biology Climatic zone: Temperate. Bottom type: Unspecified. Depth zone: Slope - Deepslope (500 m - 1000 m). Horizontal distribution: Neritic; Oceanic. Vertical distribution: Demersal/Benthic. Geographical Distribution Jurisdictional distribution: Straddling between High Seas and EEZ Geo References  | | Geographic extent of Squid - Scotian Shelf, Grand Bank
| FAO Fishing Statistical Sub Areas | 21.3: Atlantic, Northwest / 21.3 | | 21.4: Atlantic, Northwest / 21.4 |
| | | | | | Intersecting Major FAO areas and LME areas |
The following area codes have been found as intersecting the distribution of Squid - Scotian Shelf, Grand Bank Resource Structure Considered a single stock: No Exploitation Prior to the mid-1980s, international bottom trawl and midwater trawl fleets participated in directed fisheries in Subareas 3, 4 and 5+6. Since 1999, there has been no directed fishery in Subarea 4, but some squid is taken as bycatch in the Canadian small-mesh bottom trawl fishery for silver hake. Directed fisheries currently consist of a Canadian inshore jig fishery in Subarea 3 and a small mesh bottom trawl fishery in Subareas 5+6. There is no bycatch in the jig fishery. The fishery is regulated by a quota. Recent catch and TACs are:
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2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
| TAC |
34 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
34 |
| STATLANT 21 |
2.6 |
0.6 |
7.0 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
<0.1 |
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| STACFIS |
2.6 |
0.6 |
7.0 |
0.2 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
<0.1 |
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Effects of the fishery on the ecosystemThe effects of the directed fisheries on the ecosystem are unknown, but are limited to specific seasons as a result of the species’ migration patterns on and off the continental shelves. Assessment Overall Assessment Results Reference Point Conventional reference points are inappropriate for squid stocks because of their unique life history. Two references, “high-” or “low productivity” states are defined by trends in stock biomass and mean body weight (STACFIS 2013). Low productivity periods have an estimated potential annual yield of 19 000 t to 34 000 t. The potential yields of a high productivity state have not been determined. Projection Projections were not possible because recruitment is highly variable and cannot currently be predicted. Assessment Model Analytical assessment Results The assessment consisted of a comparison of average survey biomass indices and mean body weights, during high (1976 – 1981) and low (1982 – 2011) productivity periods, with the values of these indices during the most recent year. Fishing mortality indices were used to assess exploitation. Uncertainty in the assessment is high because recruitment, occurrence of the species in the survey area, and growth rates are highly variable and greatly influenced by oceanographic conditions. Assessment data were from research surveys and the catches (STACFIS Report 2013). The next assessment is planned for 2016. Human impactFishery related mortality in SA 3+4 is currently low. Other sources (e.g. pollution, shipping, oil-industry) are undocumented. Biological and environmental interactionsThis species is annual semelparous (spawns once during the year then dies). A sufficient numbers of spawners must survive the fishery (spawner escapement) each year in order to ensure a high probability of successful recruitment during the subsequent year and sustain the stock. Ocean climate effects have a strong influence on the distribution, growth rates, and recruitment. This species is both an important prey and predator in the ecosystem. It is consumed by a wide range of cetacean, pinniped, avian, invertebrate, and finfish predators and the natural mortality is very high. Small Northern shortfin squid prey primarily upon crustaceans and larger squid prey primarily upon finfish, and during the autumn, on smaller shortfin squid. Fishing MortalityBiomassBody SizeScientific Advice Special commentsThe assessment of this annual northern stock component may not reflect stock conditions during the years for which management advice is given because the most recent year of data used in the assessment is always for two years prior. Fishery removals in relation to the biomass levels of each stock component affect one another. The southern stock component is managed by the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council. Management Management unit: Yes Management Advice Recommendation for 2014-2016During 2012, the northern stock component remained in a state of low productivity. Therefore, Scientific Council recommends a TAC of no more than 34 000 t/yr. Management Objectives No explicit management plan or management objectives defined by Fisheries Commission. General Convention objectives (GC Doc. 08/3) are applied. The species is assumed to constitute a single stock throughout its range in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, from Newfoundland to Florida, including Subareas 2-6, but is managed as northern (Subareas 3+4) and southern stock components (Subareas 5+6). Source of information Report of the Meeting, 7-20 June, 2013 - SCS Doc. 13/17  http://www.nafo.int/publications/frames/sci-reports.html |
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